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Mastering Two’s Complement: A Compressive Guide

Mastering Two’s Complement A Compressive Guide
Written by Chetan Darji

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Mastering Two’s Complement: A Compressive Guide

Mastering Two’s Complement: A Compressive Guide

In a number system, a two’s complement is a well-known technique for representing signed integers in binary form. It gives the best way to perform arithmetic operations on binary numbers in digital systems and computer architecture.

The decimals and binary numbers could be converted into two’s complements with the help of various techniques. In this post, we will learn the basics of the two’s complement with the help of solved examples.

What is Two’s Complement?

In mathematics, a 2’s complement is an operation that is essential for representing signed numbers in 0 and 1 form. It is used to represent the negative numbers in digital language as the one’s complement is applicable for the positive integers only.

The indication of the positive and negative numbers could be determined with the least significant bit as:

  • If the least significant bit is 1 it represents a negative number.
  • If the least significant bit is 0 it represents a positive number

The manipulation of positive and negative numbers in the form of 0 and 1 in digital language and operations can be done easily with the help of 2s complement.

How to convert binary numbers into 2s complement?

The two’s complement representation of a binary number can be done by following the below steps.

  • Take the binary number.
  • Complete the bit system.
  • Invert all the digits of binary numbers i.e., 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s. This process of inverting numbers is said to be the transpose of a binary number.
  • Add 1 to the most significant bit of LSB
  • The resulting number would be the two’s complement of a binary number.

Examples

Example 1:

Convert 10101011101011 into the two’s complement. If the system is 16-bit.

Solution

Step 1: Take the binary number and complete the 16-bit system of the given number.

given number = 10101011101011

12-bit will be obtained by adding 0s to the right of the given number.

16-bit number = 0010101011101011

Step 2: Now take the transpose of the above 12-bit binary number by inverting all 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s.

12-bit number = 0010101011101011

Inverted Number = 1101010100010100

Step 3: Now add 1 to the most significant bit of the above inverted binary number.

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0

                                             + 1

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1

Hence, the given 16-bit binary number is converted to a signed binary number.

Example 2

Convert 01010111010 into the two’s complement. If the system is 12-bit.

Solution

Step 1: Take the binary number and complete the 12-bit system of the given number.

given number = 01010111010

12-bit will be obtained by adding a 0 to the right of the given number.

12-bit number = 001010111010

Step 2: Now take the transpose of the above 12-bit binary number by inverting all 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s.

12-bit number = 001010111010

Inverted Number = 110101000101

Step 3: Now add 1 to the most significant bit of the above inverted binary number.

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1

                                + 1

1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

Hence, the given 12-bit binary number is converted to a signed binary number.

A two’s complement calculator is an alternative way to find the 2s complement of the given binary numbers. Below is a picture of the above example solved by this tool.

How to convert decimal numbers into 2s complement?

The two’s complement representation of a decimal number can be done by following the below steps.

  • Take the given decimal number
  • Convert the given decimal number into a binary number.
  • Complete the bit system.
  • Invert all the digits of binary numbers i.e., 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s. This process of inverting numbers is said to be the transpose of a binary number.
  • Add 1 to the most significant bit of LSB
  • The resulting number would be the two’s complement of a binary number.

Examples

Example I:

Convert 192 into the two’s complement.

Solution

Step 1: First of all, take the given decimal number.

positive decimal number = 192

Step 2: Now convert the given decimal number into a binary number.

2192
296 – 0
248 – 0
226 – 0
212 – 0
26 – 0
23 – 1
 1 – 1

The binary number of 192 is 11100000

Step 3: Take the binary number and complete the 12-bit system of the given number.

Binary number = 11100000

12-bit will be obtained by adding 0s to the right of the given number.

12-bit number = 000011100000

Step 4: Now take the transpose of the above 12-bit binary number by inverting all 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s.

12-bit number = 000011100000

Inverted Number = 111100011111

Step 5: Now add 1 to the most significant bit of the above inverted binary number.

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1

                                + 1

1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Hence, the given 12-bit binary number is converted to a signed binary number.

Example II

Convert 1194 into the two’s complement.

Solution

Step 1: First of all, take the given decimal number.

positive decimal number = 1194

Step 2: Now convert the given decimal number into a binary number.

21194
2597 – 0
2298 – 1
2149 – 0
274 – 1
237 – 0
218 – 1
29 – 0
24 – 1
22 – 0
 1 – 0

The binary number of 1194 is 10010101010

Step 3: Take the binary number and complete the 12-bit system of the given number.

Binary number = 10010101010

12-bit will be obtained by adding 0s to the right of the given number.

12-bit number = 010010101010

Step 4: Now take the transpose of the above 12-bit binary number by inverting all 0s to 1s and 1s to 0s.

12-bit number = 010010101010

Inverted Number = 101101010101

Step 5: Now add 1 to the most significant bit of the above inverted binary number.

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1

                                + 1

1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0

Hence, the given 12-bit binary number is converted to a signed binary number.

How to Perform Arithmetic Operations on Two’s Complement?

The 2s complement allows one to add or subtract two signed binary numbers. The addition and subtraction of two signed binary numbers is the same as in regular binary addition and subtraction. The carry system of the two’s complement also includes if necessary.

For Addition

For the addition of two’s complement numbers, follow the below steps.

  • Take two signed binary numbers
  • Make sure the bit of both numbers would be the same.
  • Start adding bits from the right-most bit to left most bit.
  • The sum of two 1s would be 0 and the 1 should be carried to the next bit.

For Example

Add 101010100 and 11100011

Solution

Step 1: Take the given two’s complement numbers.

Number 1 = 101010100

Number 2 = 11100011

Step 2: Make the same number of bits.

Number 2 has 8 bits, add 0 to the rightmost side

Number 2 = 011100011

Step 3: Now add them.

   1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0

+ 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1

For Subtraction

For the subtraction of two’s complement numbers, follow the below steps.

  • Take two signed binary numbers
  • Make sure the first number would be a greater bit or the same as the second one.
  • Start subtracting bits from the right-most bit to left most bit.
  • The difference of two 1s would be 0 and the 2 should be carried from the previous if 0 could be subtracted from the 1.

For Example

Subtract 101110111 and 10111011

Solution

Step 1: Take the given two’s complement numbers.

Number 1 = 101110111

Number 2 = 10111011

Step 2: Now add them.

   1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1

–     1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1

    0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0

Conclusion

The basics of the two’s complement will allow you to master it. We have explained the conversions and arithmetic operations of signed binary numbers. Now you can grab and understand the concept of twos complement by seeking guidance from this post.

Thanks to All Beloved Readers.

About the author

Chetan Darji

Hi, My name is Chetan Darji , and I am the owner and Founder of this website. I am 24 years old, Gujarat-based (India) blogger.
I started this blog on 20th January 2019.

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